Cath Lab Digest

5. Palmer T, Toombs JD. Managing joint pain in primary care. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004; 17(Suppl):S32-S42.

6. World Health Organization (WHO). The importance of pharmacovilgilance- safety monitoring of medicinal products Geneva: WHO, 2002. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4893e/6.html . Accessed May 14, 2011.

7. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, et al. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA. 1997; 277(4):301-6.

8. Pirmohamed M, Breckenridge AM, Kitteringham NR, et al. Adverse drug reactions. Br Med J. 1998; 316(7140):1295-98.

9. Kramer MS. Difficulties in assessing the adverse effects of drugs. Br J Clin Pharmac. 1981; 11(Suppl1):105S-10S.

10. Marks DH. Evaluation of Medical Causation In: O’Donnell JT, ed. Drug Injury: liability, analysis and prevention, 2nd Edition. Lawyers & Judges Publishing, Tucson, 2005: 143-149.

11. Hutchinson TA, Lane DA. Assessing methods for causality assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989; 42(1):5-16.

12. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965; 58: 293-300.

13. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. IMS institute reports U.S. spending on medicines grew 2.3 percent in 2010, to $307.4 billion. Press release. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics Web Site. http://bit.ly/hNjs5r . Published April 19, 2011. Accessed April 23, 2011.

14. McEvoy GK. AHFS Drug Information 2009. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Bethesda, MD, 2009.

15. Williams AL. Facts and Comparisons 2012, Wolters Kluwer Health, St Louis, 2012.